Bureaucracies Help More than They Hinder Foreing Policy...

In today’s world, there are a wide range of factors that impact all human lives. Each nation has its own strategy to deal with challenges and cope with the impacts to secure the maximum benefit for the nation and for the well-being of its citizens. Thus, it is important for states to apply the right instrument to position themselves at both internal and external levels, particularly in the international sphere. Foreign policy is a crucial tool for nations in dealing with other actors on the international stage; in order to secure their national interest, as well as to guide the appropriate direction for interacting with other actors in the world. Further, the bureaucracy is deemed as the prominent notion for constituting foreign policy. Generally, some narratives indicate that foreign policy making resulted from the output of the theory of bureaucratic politics which addresses the role of bureaucracies for facilitating the making of foreign policy. Thus, foreign policy could b e derived from various actors of bureaucratic politics that compete among actors to secure their interests in specific agendas and make a significant impact on foreign policy. This paper will assess the statement that ‘bureaucracies help more than they hinder foreign policy making’, by arguing that it is not quite true. Though, bureaucracies have been positioned as one of the most crucial factors for the making of foreign policy and also facilitate foreign policy making in multiple ways, bureaucracies

Essay on Trifling Justice - 1540 Words

Move a little closer together Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles, was written in 1916, reflects the author’s concern with stereotypical concepts of gender and sex roles of that time period. As the title of the play implies, the concerns of women are often considered to be nothing more than unimportant issues that have little or no value to the true work of society, which is being performed by men. The men who are in charge of investigating the crime are unable to solve the mystery through their supposed superior knowledge. Instead, two women are able decipher evidence that the men overlook because all of the clues are entrenched in household items that are familiar mainly to women during this era. Glaspell expertly uses gender†¦show more content†¦There is no true regard on the part of the men for Mrs. Wright some of this may be observed in part of the conversation between Hale and the county attorney, when Hale states â€Å"...I said to Harry that I didnt know a s what his wife wanted made much difference to John.-, and the attorney rebuts â€Å"Lets talk about that later, Mr. Hale. I do want to talk about that, but tell now just what happened when you got to the house.(1386). It is clear the men have no interest in hearing about Minnie. Glaspell creatively simplifies the setting in Trifles. The only scene is the Wright’s kitchen. The kitchen setting is critical in this drama in that this is the only place of interaction and conversation within the play. The men survey the untidiness in the kitchen and dismiss it as poor housekeeping. Meanwhile the ladies recognize and empathize with Minnie as the know the amount of work that goes into running a household and know that something had to happen for this to be left in such a state. The playwright is nearly flawless in using symbolism to highlight the plight of Minnie and women of the era. Mr. Hale declares dismissively declares, â€Å"Well, women are used to worrying over trifles† (1387). The immediate response was â€Å"[The women move a little closer together]† (1387). As they enter the home, the women away from the men, huddled near the stove. The men easily converse as if they have previously worked together and know one another. On theShow MoreRelatedCriminal Law, Questions and Answers 1284 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Restorative justice as a whole is not gaining support in South Africa as the majority of our country is in favour of the punitive system in order to combat the high levels of crime. 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This paper will analyze setting, characters, plot, stage directions, symbolism, themes and genre to show how Glaspells Trifles is an ironic indictment notRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Charles Hoffer s For Ourselves And Our Posterity955 Words   |  4 Pagesamendment the fourteenth and fifteenth were major steps toward establishing justice and securing liberty. The fourteenth amendment established due process and made clear that all people deserve equal protection of the law. The fifteenth amendment allowed all men to the right to vote regardless of race, creed or previous condition of servitude. These reconstruction amendments were major steps in the right direction to establish justice and ensure all citizens would be able to experience all of the freedomsRead More Franklin Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesAvoid trifling conversation), Order (let all your things have their places. Let each part or your business have its time), Resolution (resolve to perform what you ought. 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Which states: â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and sec urity of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.† In accordance with section 7 of the Charter and unlawful act manslaughter under section 222 (5)(a) of the Criminal Code, the Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (a) that the accused has committed an unlawful act which caused the death ofRead MoreAmerican Lit : Burden Of The United States1031 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual that had a vision to make his country as free as they portray it to be. Christopher Columbus was a greedy, cruel, and trifling individual that didn’t care about the Native American’s feelings or their freedom. I clearly stand my Thomas More because his vision on The United States of America is how it’s supposed to be. We shouldn’t have to question our government and our justice system on if they are for the people or for each other. 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Ecn 3000 Homework Free Essays

Harris ECN 3000 Homework #1b. Use the following information to answer questions 1-13 below. Two countries, Athens and Troy, produce two goods, ships and food, according to the following production functions: 1 ship = 4 capital + 2 labor 1 food = 1 capital + 3 labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecn 3000 Homework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Athens has 200 units of capital and 100 units of labor available to produce ships and food. Troy has 100 units of capital and 150 units of labor available to produce ships and food. 1. Which good is capital intensive in production? Ship 2. Which good is labor intensive in production? Food 3. In which country is capital relatively abundant? Athens 4. In which country is labor relatively abundant? Tory 5. Based on your answers to 1 – 4 and using the Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis, which country should specialize in the production of which good? Why? According to Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis, countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factors of production and import products that utilize the countries’ scarce factors. As I said before, Athens is capital relatively abundant, Tory is labor relatively abundant. When a thing is abundant, it becomes cheap. Thus, Athens should specialize in the production of ship, and Troy should specialize in the production of food. 6. Calculate the limits of production for Athens and Troy. The limits of production for Athens: 200/4=50 ships or 100/3=33 foods. The limits of production for Troy: 100/4=25 ships or 150/3=50 foods. 7. Calculate the domestic terms of trade for Athens and Troy in terms of 1 ship. . 8. Based on your answer to question 7, which country should specialize in the production of which good? Why? Athens’ MRT=0. 66 and Troy’s MRT=2. So we can know Athens has comparative advantage in ship, and Troy has comparative advantage in food. Thus, Athens should specialize in the production of ship, and Troy should specialize in the production of food. 9. Draw the production possibilities curves for each country based on your answers to questions 6 and 7. Athens 42 33 PPC CPC 0 25 50 Ships Tory 50 25 CPC PPC 0 25 38 50 Ships 10. Supposing that Athens and Troy agree to trade ships and food at an international terms of trade of 1, what observation can you make about their relative demands for ships and food? Which country experiences the greater gains from trade? 1 ship is exchanged 1 food on condition that they agree to trade ships and food at an international term of trade of 1. Athens should trade 12. 5 ships to Troy, and Troy should trade 8. 5 foods to Athens. Troy will experience the greater gains from trade. 11. Draw the consumption possibilities curve for each country on the same graph you drew for question 9. 12. Suppose Athens wants to consume only 25 ships. How many food will it be able to consume? How many ships and how many food would Troy be able to consume? If Athens wants to consume only 25 ships, 58 foods will it be able to consume. 50 ships, 25 foods should Troy be able to consume. 13. Now, assume that only Athens discovers a new technology that allows it to produce ships using 1. 5 capital and 1 labor. What would be the effect on the pattern of trade between the two countries? Explain. Based on your assumption, Athens will decrease the cost of the ships. Then, the limits of production for Athens: 100/1=100 ships or 100/3=33 foods. Athens maybe experiences the greater gains from trade. However, the demand of Troy cannot be ignored. Troy may not consume that many ships. 14. Suppose that instead of trading goods, Athens and Troy decide to trade 50 units of Athens capital for 25 units of Troy’s labor. How would the countries’ relative welfare be affected? If this supposition were true, after Athens and Troy trade capital and labor, they will have same number of capital and labor. Then, the trades between these two countries are unnecessary. They can produce their own goods. ———————– Foods Foods How to cite Ecn 3000 Homework, Papers

The Market Valuation and Research

Question: Discuss about the market valuation and Research. Answer: Rio Tinto Share Valuation: Depicting the price in which share is purchased in July 2012 and stating the holding period return if shares are sold in November 2016: Particulars Value Purchase price of Rio Tinto in July 2012 $53.20 Income ($0.6851 + $1.85 + $2.23 + $2.98 + $2.11) = $9.86 Capital Gain ($57.75 $53.20) = $4.55 Holding period return after November 2016 (Income + Capital Gain) / Beginning investment Holding period return ($9.86 + $4.55) / $53.20 Holding period return 27.08% Calculating the Expected return on Rio Tinto shares over the period: Particulars Value Government yield (Rf) 2.50% ASX200 expected return (Rm) 10% Rio Tintos beta () 1.3 Expected return Rf + (Rm-Rf) Expected return 2.50% + 1.3 * (10% - 2.50%) Expected return 2.50% + 1.3 * 7.50% Expected return 2.50% + 0.975 Expected return 12.25% Depicting the reason behind change in Rio Tintos dividend policy and providing relevant theoretical knowledge of how change has influenced its share price: The major reason behind the change in dividend policy of Rio Tinto was due to the decline in net profits achieved by the company during 2015 fiscal year. In addition, the overall change in dividend policy of the company negatively reflected in its share price. Moreover, the overall share price of the company mainly fell around 2.65% within two days after the announcement of change in dividend policy. Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas (2015) mentioned that change in expected dividend of the company mainly increases disappointment among investors, which initiates mass sell orders. Furthermore, the Rio Tinto had to change the overall dividend policy due to the overall decline in iron ore prices in the commodity market. On the other hand, Frantisek and Pavel (2015) criticises that dividend policy mainly reduces its friction if the overall performance of the company is not up to the mark of investors. Moreover, Rio Tinto has mainly adopted relevant dividend policy method, as it might help in depicting the overall valuation of the company. In addition, the adoption of relevant theory mainly helps the company to change its overall dividends according to the overall profits generated on the fiscal year. Deshmukh, Goel and Howe (2013) mentioned that due to the impact of relevant dividend theory model investors are mainly able to derive the overall fundamental evaluation of the company. Furthermore, some companies for reducing the overall divined paid to their investors mainly use irrelevant dividend theory. Thus, the overall change in share price of Rio Tinto mainly depicts the impact of relevant divined policy, which is affected by companys overall dividend growth. Providing relevant advice to Donald for investing in Rio Tintos shares: Required rate of return 20% Dividend $ 2.9680 Growth rate 1st to 3rd year 3% Growth rate 4th and 8th year 8% Particulars Formula Amount D1 $ 2.9680 * 103 $ 3.0570 D2 $ 3.0570 * 103 $ 3.1488 D3 $ 3.1488 * 103 $ 3.2432 D4 $ 3.2432 * 108 $ 3.5027 D5 $ 3.5027 * 108 $ 3.7829 D6 $ 3.7829 * 108 $ 4.0855 D7 $ 4.0855 * 108 $ 4.4124 D8 $ 4.4124 * 108 $ 4.7653 P8 (D*(1+g))/ (R - g) (4.7653*(1+8%))/(20%-8%) $ 23.8267 Particulars Amount Discounting value Present value D1 $ 3.0570 0.833333333 $ 2.55 D2 $ 3.1488 0.694444444 $ 2.19 D3 $ 3.2432 0.578703704 $ 1.88 D4 $ 3.5027 0.482253086 $ 1.69 D5 $ 3.7829 0.401877572 $ 1.52 D6 $ 4.0855 0.334897977 $ 1.37 D7 $ 4.4124 0.279081647 $ 1.23 D8 $ 4.7653 0.232568039 $ 1.11 P8 $ 23.8267 0.232568039 $ 5.54 Total Value $ 19.07 Current Share price $ 59.55 Loss $ 40.48 After the evaluation of the overall table a loss in value of shares is mainly identified, which could hamper the overall return of Donald. The finial and interim dividend of Rio Tinto for the year 2015, $2.968 is mainly used, as valuation on single interim dividend was not appropriate. In addition, current share price of Rio Tinto is mainly at 59.55 as of December 19, 2016. Investment in Rio Tinto could mainly increase loss of Donald by $40.48 per share, thus it is advised not to invest in the company. Andriosopoulos and Lasfer (2015) mentioned that dividend discount model mainly depicts the fundamental share price value of the company, which might differ from market valuation. Furthermore, seeing the drastic loss in valuation after 8 years it is not advisable for Donald to invest in Rio Tinto as it might reduce the overall investment capital. However, the high-expected return on such investment has mainly degraded the overall future valuation of the company. In addition, the actual expected return of the company is mainly at 12.25%, which could appreciate the overall share price of the company. Depicting Rio Tintos share price at the end of three years: Required rate of return 20% Dividend $ 2.9680 Growth rate 1st to 3rd year 3% Particulars Formula Amount D1 $ 2.9680 * 103 $ 3.0570 D2 $ 3.0570 * 103 $ 3.1488 D3 $ 3.1488 * 103 $ 3.2432 P3 (D*(1+g))/ (R - g) (3.2432 *(1+3%))/(20%-3%) $ 29.1889 Particulars Amount Discounting value Present value D1 $ 3.0570 0.833333333 $ 2.55 D2 $ 3.1488 0.694444444 $ 2.19 D3 $ 3.2432 0.578703704 $ 1.88 P3 $ 19.6501 0.578703704 $ 16.89 Total Value $ 23.50 Current Share price $ 59.55 Loss $ 36.05 From the evaluation of above tables, share price of Rio Tinto after three years could effectively be identified. This evaluation mainly depicts the loss in overall valuation of share price due to a steady increase of 3% in dividends each year. Moreover, the low dividend growth is accompanied with higher expected return, which is mainly degrading the overall future return from the company. In addition, according to the dividend discount model overall growth in dividend is not adequate, which could help in improving future prices of Rio Tinto. Gleason, Bruce and Li (2013) mentioned that low dividend growth and high expected return of investors mainly degrade the overall fundamental share price valuation of the company. Reference and Bibliography: Andriosopoulos, D. and Lasfer, M., 2015. The market valuation of share repurchases in Europe.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.327-339. Asx.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/RIO/statistics/shares [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Blum, A., 2016.Equity valuation in China: the case of Baidu(Doctoral dissertation). Cumming, D. and Hou, W., 2014. Valuation of restricted shares by conflicting shareholders in the Split Share Structure Reform.The European Journal of Finance,20(7-9), pp.778-802. Deshmukh, S., Goel, A.M. and Howe, K.M., 2013. CEO overconfidence and dividend policy.Journal of Financial Intermediation,22(3), pp.440-463. Finance.yahoo.com. (2016).Rio Tinto Surprised the Markets with Dividend Policy Change. [online] Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/rio-tinto-surprised-markets-dividend-163038052.html [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017] Frantiek, S. and Pavel, D., 2015. The position of management of czech joint-stock companies on dividend policy.E+ M Ekonomie a Management, volume 2015, issue: 2. Gleason, C.A., Bruce Johnson, W. and Li, H., 2013. Valuation model use and the price target performance of sell?side equity analysts.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(1), pp.80-115. Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus. Vijitha, P. and Nimalathasan, B., 2014. Value relevance of accounting information and share price: A study of listed manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka.Merit Research Journal of Business and Management,2(1), pp.1-6.